Spade and Knife Money
in Early China

Early Chinese monetary practices included cowrie shells, textiles, and cast bronze forms shaped like spades or knives. These types developed in different regions and periods rather than as one uniform currency. Museum objects document several of those forms, although their shapes alone do not establish exactly how every type was used.

Before coins: shells and silk

The oldest Chinese money was not metal at all. Cowrie shells served as currency in Shang China by around 1300 BC, and the Bank of England's money timeline notes that the cowrie survives inside the written language itself: the shell radical 贝 appears in Chinese characters for money, value, and wealth. Inscriptions also record the peng, a string of cowries used as a counting unit, and silk bolts exchanged by graded length. Cloth money was so durable a convention that Yale historians Valerie Hansen and Xinjiang Rong documented textiles serving as currency on Silk Road contracts as late as the Tang dynasty, a tradition well over a thousand years old by then.

Spade money: from the field to the mint

The central states of the Zhou world, the territory of the old state of Jin and its successors, cast money shaped like spades. The mainstream account, laid out in Wang Yü-ch'üan's Early Chinese Coinage for the American Numismatic Society, is that these began as miniature metal versions of actual digging tools. The earliest "original spades" were hollow-handled: the socket where a wooden shaft would fit is still there on the coin. Later issues flattened the handle away entirely and became thin inscribed blades that no one could dig with, classified by collectors by their foot shapes: square-foot, pointed-foot, and round-foot spades, usually stamped with the city that issued them.

Two cautions belong here. First, the dating of the earliest spades is contested; scholars disagree on whether they begin in Western Zhou, the Spring and Autumn period, or the early Warring States era. Second, some surviving pieces are oversized or impractical in ways that have led numismatists to suggest ritual or burial copies rather than working currency. The tool-to-money story is the mainstream reading of the evidence, and it is still a reconstruction.

Knife money: the north-east's answer

The states of Qi, Yan, and Zhao in the north-east cast money shaped like knives, with a ring at the pommel end and a blade inscribed with its issuer. The best-known type is Qi's three-character knife reading Qi fa hua, "the standard currency of Qi", cast at the capital Linzi. These are substantial objects: the British Museum's examples (registration numbers 1883,0802.14 and 1883,0802.15) measure 180 and 186 millimetres and weigh around 47 and 48 grams. They carry no face value; like early Greek coins, they were evidently counted as pieces rather than read as a denomination.

Yan's commonest knife carries a character usually read as ming, though the reading is debated; some scholars argue it names the state of Yan rather than the word for “bright”. Knife money circulated in the north-east before Qin unification, and hoards include groups of knives. The ring could allow pieces to be strung together, but the cited finds do not establish exactly how merchants carried or handled them.

Qin unification and the ban liang

Qin unification in 221 BC is associated with an empire-wide currency standard based on Qin's round bronze ban liang ("half liang"), a type already used in Qin. The move toward a common standard did not make every earlier regional practice vanish at once, and coin designs and denominations continued to change. The round coin with a square hole became an enduring form in later Chinese coinage. The familiar "round heaven, square earth" explanation is a later interpretation, not evidence of the original designers' intent.

Knife money did get one strange afterlife. Wang Mang, the Han official who usurped the throne in 9 AD and launched a wave of monetary experiments, revived archaic shapes including a knife with the words "one knife" inlaid in actual gold, declaring it worth five thousand cash. The British Museum holds one (registration 1996,0217.239, 71 millimetres of bronze with gold inlay). The Han shu's treatise on food and money records the reform chaos that followed. Token money with an inflated face value was as old as the tool coins, and just as hard to sustain.

Five monies, one table